Glossary of Terms
ADME
Acronym for important in vivo drug properties that influences drug performance – adsorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Sometimes, the potential or real toxicity of the compound is also taken into account (ADMET) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADME).
Acronym for important in vivo drug properties that influences drug performance – adsorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Sometimes, the potential or real toxicity of the compound is also taken into account (ADMET) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADME).
Aldose
A saccharide containing an aldehyde carbonyl (e.g. glucose) – also often referred to as a reducing sugar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose).
A saccharide containing an aldehyde carbonyl (e.g. glucose) – also often referred to as a reducing sugar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose).
Anti-infective
Entity capable of acting against an infectious disease by killing or inhibiting the spread of the infectious agent. Anti-infective is a general term that encompasses antibacterials, antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoans and antivirals. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease)
Entity capable of acting against an infectious disease by killing or inhibiting the spread of the infectious agent. Anti-infective is a general term that encompasses antibacterials, antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoans and antivirals. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease)
Antineoplastic (syn: anticancer)
Something capable of inhibiting the growth of cancer cells or causing them to die. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy)
CarboConnect
A process for quickly generating sets of targeted sugar enhanced drug leads.
A process for quickly generating sets of targeted sugar enhanced drug leads.
Carbohydrate
Sugars, carbohydrates or saccharides are straight-chain aldehydes or ketones containing multiple hydroxyl groups and often other functionality (e.g. amine, acid, sulfate, phosphate, amide alkyl, deoxy, ether and/or ester). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate)
Sugars, carbohydrates or saccharides are straight-chain aldehydes or ketones containing multiple hydroxyl groups and often other functionality (e.g. amine, acid, sulfate, phosphate, amide alkyl, deoxy, ether and/or ester). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate)
Centrose
Centr- from ‘center’ and -ose from the designated suffix for all carbohydrate nomenclature.
Centr- from ‘center’ and -ose from the designated suffix for all carbohydrate nomenclature.
Di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharides
Carbohydrates composed of two, three or 3-10 (oligo) to >10 (poly) sugars, each of which are typical monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates composed of two, three or 3-10 (oligo) to >10 (poly) sugars, each of which are typical monosaccharides.
Glycobiology
The study of glycoconjugates in living systems (i.e. the glycome) – also referred to as glycomics. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycobiology)
The study of glycoconjugates in living systems (i.e. the glycome) – also referred to as glycomics. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycobiology)
Glycoconjugate
Any molecule that contains an attached sugar. Glyconjugates can derive from glycosylating a vast array of molecular scaffolds include amino acids (pepetides/proteins), small molecules (hormones, drugs, signaling molecules and metabolites), lipids, and other carbohydrates wherein the non-carbohydrate moiety is referred to as an aglycon. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoconjugates)
Any molecule that contains an attached sugar. Glyconjugates can derive from glycosylating a vast array of molecular scaffolds include amino acids (pepetides/proteins), small molecules (hormones, drugs, signaling molecules and metabolites), lipids, and other carbohydrates wherein the non-carbohydrate moiety is referred to as an aglycon. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoconjugates)
Glycome
The collective identity of all carbohydrates in an organism – thought to be the most complex system in nature. The study of the glycome is referred to as glycomics or glycobiology. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycome)
The collective identity of all carbohydrates in an organism – thought to be the most complex system in nature. The study of the glycome is referred to as glycomics or glycobiology. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycome)
Glycosidase
Enzyme which cleaves glycosidic bonds (i.e. removes sugars from glycoconjugates). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidase)
Enzyme which cleaves glycosidic bonds (i.e. removes sugars from glycoconjugates). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidase)
Glycosidic bond
The bond that connects a sugar to some other molecule. Glycosidic bonds are typically formed at the anomeric position. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_bond)
The bond that connects a sugar to some other molecule. Glycosidic bonds are typically formed at the anomeric position. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_bond)
Glycosylation
The act of connecting sugars to molecules to generate glycoconjugates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation)
The act of connecting sugars to molecules to generate glycoconjugates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation)
Glycosyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes a glycosylation reaction between a sugar donor and an acceptor. Glycosyltransferase sugar donors are typically sugar nucleotides and sugar acceptors can be most any target aglycon (small molecules, carbohydrates, or peptides/proteins). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferase)
An enzyme that catalyzes a glycosylation reaction between a sugar donor and an acceptor. Glycosyltransferase sugar donors are typically sugar nucleotides and sugar acceptors can be most any target aglycon (small molecules, carbohydrates, or peptides/proteins). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferase)
Ketose
A saccharide containing a ketone carbonyl (e.g. fructose). Ketoses are non-reducing sugars. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketose)
A saccharide containing a ketone carbonyl (e.g. fructose). Ketoses are non-reducing sugars. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketose)
Lectin
A carbohydrate-binding protein. Lectins are typically highly specific for a given sugar ligand. Lectin arrays are being constructed and sold to ID specific glycoconjugates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectin).
A carbohydrate-binding protein. Lectins are typically highly specific for a given sugar ligand. Lectin arrays are being constructed and sold to ID specific glycoconjugates. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectin).
Monosaccharide
The simplest individual carbohydrate unit. A single saccharide (or sugar) unit. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide)
Common monosaccharides found in humans:
- Sialic Acids: Family of nine-carbon acidic sugars
- Hexoses: Six-carbon neutral sugars, including glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man).
- Hexosamines: Hexose with an amino group, typically at the 2-position, which can be either free or, more commonly, N-acetylated; e.g., N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).
- Deoxyhexoses: Six-carbon neutral sugar without the hydroxyl group at a specific position.
- Pentoses: Five-carbon sugars
- Uronic Acids: Hexose with a negatively charged carboxylate at the 6-position; e.g., a glucuronic acid (GlcA) and iduronic acid (IdA).
Saccharide
See also carbohydrate or sugar. Saccharides can be single units (monosaccharides) or polymers (di-, tri- tetra-, penta-, etc.). Longer polymeric structures are also defined as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.
See also carbohydrate or sugar. Saccharides can be single units (monosaccharides) or polymers (di-, tri- tetra-, penta-, etc.). Longer polymeric structures are also defined as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.
Sugar
Common name for any sweet, crystalline, simple carbohydrate. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar)
Common name for any sweet, crystalline, simple carbohydrate. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar)
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